1. What is a common challenge for companies employing a ‘penetration pricing’ strategy in international markets?
A. Maintaining high profit margins from the outset.
B. Building strong brand loyalty quickly.
C. The need to maintain very high quality to justify the low price.
D. Potential for price wars and difficulty in raising prices later.
2. Which of the following best describes the primary role of a multinational corporation’s (MNC) headquarters in developing international marketing strategies?
A. To delegate all strategic decision-making to local subsidiaries without any central oversight.
B. To develop overarching global strategies that are then adapted by local subsidiaries to suit specific market conditions.
C. To focus solely on the administrative and financial aspects of international operations, leaving marketing entirely to local teams.
D. To enforce a rigid, uniform marketing approach across all foreign markets, regardless of local differences.
3. When a company decides to enter a foreign market by acquiring an existing local firm, which entry mode is being utilized?
A. Exporting
B. Licensing
C. Joint Venture
D. Acquisition
4. When a company establishes its own wholly owned subsidiary in a foreign market, it gains:
A. Limited control and minimal risk.
B. Full control over operations and marketing, but also the highest risk and resource commitment.
C. Shared control and reduced resource commitment.
D. No control, as decisions are made by the host country government.
5. What is a key consideration when selecting international distribution channels?
A. The number of employees in the company’s R&D department.
B. The availability, cost, and efficiency of potential intermediaries and their alignment with the brand’s image.
C. The personal preferences of the marketing manager.
D. The total number of competitors in the target market.
6. Which term describes the practice of using the same advertising message and creative execution across different countries?
A. Local Adaptation
B. Global Advertising Standardization
C. Transcreation
D. Ethnocentric Promotion
7. When considering ‘product adaptation’ for international markets, what aspect is most likely to be modified?
A. The company’s logo and corporate identity.
B. Features, packaging, or branding to suit local tastes, regulations, or usage conditions.
C. The overall business model and organizational structure.
D. The company’s pricing strategy across all markets.
8. When a company adopts a ‘standardized’ pricing approach internationally, what is a primary benefit?
A. Maximum responsiveness to local market conditions.
B. Simplified price management and consistent brand perception globally.
C. Greater flexibility in adjusting prices for different channels.
D. Reduced risk of currency fluctuations impacting profits.
9. Which promotional strategy focuses on building a positive company image and public relations rather than direct selling?
A. Sales Promotion
B. Advertising
C. Public Relations (PR)
D. Personal Selling
10. Exporting is generally considered the least risky entry mode because:
A. It requires the largest investment and commitment of resources.
B. It allows for the highest degree of control over marketing activities.
C. It involves minimal commitment of capital and management resources.
D. It guarantees immediate profitability in all foreign markets.
11. What does ‘global standardization’ of marketing strategies imply for MNCs?
A. Adapting every aspect of the marketing mix to local customs and preferences.
B. Using the same marketing mix (product, price, place, promotion) across all international markets.
C. Developing separate marketing strategies for each country based on unique market research.
D. Focusing marketing efforts only on countries with similar cultural backgrounds.
12. Which factor is most critical for a company to consider when deciding on the appropriate international market entry strategy?
A. The number of social media followers the company has in its home country.
B. The perceived risk, control, and resource commitment required for each entry mode.
C. The brand name of the company’s CEO.
D. The popularity of the company’s products in unrelated industries.
13. Which of the following is a significant disadvantage of licensing as an international market entry strategy?
A. It requires a substantial initial investment.
B. It offers limited control over the licensee’s operations and marketing efforts.
C. It is only suitable for exporting goods.
D. It eliminates the possibility of future direct investment.
14. Which of the following is a key challenge associated with global product standardization?
A. Higher production costs due to localized manufacturing.
B. Difficulty in meeting diverse local consumer needs and preferences.
C. Increased complexity in distribution channels.
D. Lower brand recognition due to lack of local adaptation.
15. Which distribution strategy involves selling products directly to the end consumer without intermediaries?
A. Indirect Exporting
B. Direct Selling
C. Wholesaling
D. Agent Representation
16. A company chooses to enter a foreign market by partnering with a local firm to create a new, jointly owned entity. What is this entry mode called?
A. Wholly Owned Subsidiary
B. Franchising
C. Joint Venture
D. Strategic Alliance
17. When a company uses a ‘push’ promotional strategy in international markets, it typically involves:
A. Advertising directly to end consumers to create demand.
B. Motivating intermediaries (e.g., retailers, wholesalers) to stock and promote the product.
C. Focusing solely on digital marketing and social media campaigns.
D. Offering discounts directly to the final consumer.
18. The ‘Glocalization’ approach in international marketing suggests:
A. Ignoring local differences and applying a single global strategy.
B. Adapting global strategies to local market conditions and consumer preferences.
C. Completely decentralizing all marketing decisions to local subsidiaries.
D. Focusing on exporting products without any adaptation.
19. Which pricing strategy involves setting a high initial price for a new product to ‘skim’ revenue from early adopters willing to pay a premium?
A. Penetration Pricing
B. Skimming Pricing
C. Cost-Plus Pricing
D. Competitive Pricing
20. A company grants a foreign firm the right to use its intellectual property (like patents, trademarks, or manufacturing processes) in exchange for a fee or royalty. This is an example of which market entry strategy?
A. Foreign Direct Investment
B. Licensing
C. Management Contract
D. Turnkey Project
21. Which of the following frameworks is often used to analyze the competitive environment of an industry in different countries by considering five forces?
A. SWOT Analysis.
B. PESTLE Analysis.
C. Porter’s Five Forces Model.
D. Value Chain Analysis.
22. When a company enters a foreign market by setting up its own operations, such as a subsidiary or a wholly-owned plant, it is utilizing which mode of entry?
A. Exporting.
B. Licensing.
C. Joint Venture.
D. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) / Wholly Owned Subsidiary.
23. Which of the following is a critical component of the ‘economic environment’ that international marketers must analyze in a foreign country?
A. The country’s legal system and regulatory framework.
B. The level of education and literacy rates.
C. The distribution of income and purchasing power.
D. The prevalence of social media platforms.
24. A company decides to enter a foreign market by acquiring an existing company in that market. This is a form of:
A. Exporting.
B. Greenfield Investment.
C. Acquisition.
D. Licensing.
25. The concept of ‘globalization’ in international marketing refers to:
A. Focusing solely on domestic market expansion.
B. The increasing interdependence of world economies and the trend towards integrated markets.
C. Protectionist policies to shield local industries.
D. Limiting operations to a single foreign country.
26. Which of the following is a key difference between ‘ethnocentrism’ and ‘polycentrism’ in international marketing management?
A. Ethnocentrism prioritizes local market needs, while polycentrism emphasizes global standardization.
B. Ethnocentrism believes home country practices are superior, while polycentrism recognizes the uniqueness of foreign markets and adapts accordingly.
C. Ethnocentrism focuses on cost reduction, while polycentrism focuses on market share growth.
D. Ethnocentrism prefers direct investment, while polycentrism prefers licensing.
27. When a company adapts its marketing mix (product, price, place, promotion) to suit the specific conditions of each foreign market, this approach is known as:
A. Global integration.
B. Standardization.
C. Multidomestic strategy.
D. Centralization.
28. When a company faces ‘exchange rate risk’ in international marketing, it is primarily concerned with:
A. The quality of goods produced in the foreign market.
B. The fluctuating values of currencies impacting profitability and costs.
C. The barriers to entry imposed by local regulations.
D. The competitive landscape within the target industry.
29. Which of the following is a critical factor for a company to consider when assessing the ‘political risk’ of entering a foreign market?
A. The strength of the local currency against the home currency.
B. The level of technological infrastructure in the country.
C. The likelihood of government intervention, expropriation, or political instability.
D. The availability of skilled labor in the target market.
30. When a company decides to adapt its product to meet local tastes and preferences in a foreign market, this is an example of a strategy related to:
A. Economic integration.
B. Cultural adaptation.
C. Technological standardization.
D. Legal harmonization.
31. The ‘gravity model’ of international trade suggests that trade between two countries is:
A. Primarily determined by their shared colonial history.
B. Largely influenced by cultural similarities and language proficiency.
C. Proportional to their economic sizes and inversely proportional to the distance between them.
D. Driven by the availability of natural resources in both nations.
32. The ‘product life cycle’ concept is particularly important in international marketing because:
A. It dictates the legal requirements for product registration in every country.
B. Different markets may be at different stages of the product life cycle, requiring varied marketing approaches.
C. It determines the optimal pricing strategy across all global markets.
D. It simplifies the process of global distribution channel selection.
33. A company considering exporting its products must understand ‘tariffs’. What is a tariff in international trade?
A. A quota on imported goods.
B. A tax imposed on imported goods.
C. A subsidy for domestic producers.
D. A voluntary export restraint.
34. Which of the following global economic blocs aims to promote free trade and economic cooperation among its member countries in North America?
A. The European Union (EU).
B. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
C. The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA).
D. The Mercosur.
35. In the context of international market entry, ‘licensing’ involves:
A. A joint ownership of a business with a foreign partner.
B. A company granting a foreign entity the right to use its intellectual property (e.g., patents, trademarks) in exchange for royalties.
C. Establishing a new business operation in a foreign country from scratch.
D. Selling products to foreign customers directly from the home country.
36. A company that sells identical products worldwide, with minimal adaptation, is pursuing a strategy of:
A. Multidomestic marketing.
B. Global marketing standardization.
C. Localization.
D. Glocalization.
37. Which of the following is a common characteristic of a ‘high-context’ culture, as described by Edward T. Hall?
A. Communication is direct and explicit.
B. Meaning is derived heavily from the surrounding context and non-verbal cues.
C. Contracts are detailed and legally binding.
D. Individual achievement is highly valued.
38. The ‘cultural iceberg’ metaphor suggests that:
A. Only observable behaviors are important in international marketing.
B. Much of culture lies beneath the surface and is not immediately apparent, influencing behavior deeply.
C. Cultural differences are easily overcome with clear communication.
D. Economic factors are the primary drivers of cultural change.
39. In international marketing, which of the following best describes the concept of ‘cultural distance’?
A. The geographical separation between two countries.
B. The degree of difference in cultural values, beliefs, and behaviors between two countries.
C. The economic disparity between trading partners.
D. The level of political stability in a target market.
40. Which of the following describes ‘dumping’ in international trade?
A. Selling goods at a price higher than in the home market to recoup R&D costs.
B. Selling goods in a foreign market at a price below their cost of production or below their fair market value.
C. Offering discounts to distributors in foreign markets.
D. Exporting goods that are outdated or of low quality.
41. Which of the following best describes the primary goal of market segmentation in international marketing?
A. To identify and describe distinct groups of consumers with similar needs and characteristics in different countries.
B. To ensure that all marketing efforts are standardized across all global markets for efficiency.
C. To focus solely on the most profitable markets, ignoring smaller or emerging ones.
D. To simplify the marketing mix by using the same product and promotion for all international customers.
42. The ‘Ethnocentric’ approach to international marketing strategy assumes:
A. The domestic market’s strategies and practices are superior and can be applied universally.
B. Each foreign market requires entirely unique and localized strategies.
C. A balance between global and local strategies is optimal.
D. International markets are too diverse to apply any consistent strategy.
43. A ‘Polycentric’ international marketing strategy emphasizes:
A. Treating each foreign market as distinct and developing separate strategies for each.
B. Implementing a single, unified marketing strategy across all countries.
C. Focusing on regional similarities rather than individual country differences.
D. Adopting a global perspective that overrides local nuances.
44. Which of the following is a key challenge when using demographic segmentation for international markets?
A. The availability and comparability of demographic data across different countries can be inconsistent.
B. Demographic factors are usually identical across most global markets.
C. Demographics have little to no impact on consumer purchasing behavior internationally.
D. Demographic data is always readily available and free of charge globally.
45. Behavioral segmentation in international marketing considers:
A. Consumer usage rates, brand loyalty, benefits sought, and purchase occasion.
B. The political stability and economic policies of a country.
C. The dominant religion and cultural norms of a region.
D. The level of technological adoption and infrastructure development.
46. When segmenting international markets, the ‘GRAVITY Model’ is often used to predict trade flows between countries. What is the core principle behind this model?
A. Trade is proportional to the size (e.g., GDP) of the trading partners and inversely proportional to the distance between them.
B. Trade increases with cultural similarity and decreases with economic disparity.
C. Trade is driven by political agreements and trade blocs, regardless of economic factors.
D. Trade volume is primarily determined by the number of multinational corporations operating in a region.
47. When a company adapts its product to meet local regulations or taste preferences in a foreign market, this is an example of:
A. Product adaptation.
B. Product standardization.
C. Product diversification.
D. Product extension.
48. Psychographic segmentation in international marketing focuses on:
A. Grouping consumers based on their lifestyle, values, attitudes, and personality traits.
B. Classifying consumers by their income levels and purchasing power.
C. Dividing markets based on the population’s age and gender distribution.
D. Segmenting based on the geographical location and climate of a country.
49. Positioning in international marketing refers to:
A. The act of creating a distinct image and identity for a product or brand in the minds of target consumers.
B. The process of physically moving products from the factory to the customer.
C. Setting the price of a product relative to its competitors.
D. The decision to enter a specific foreign market.
50. The ‘World Markets’ segmentation approach, as discussed in international marketing literature, primarily categorizes countries based on:
A. Cultural similarities and shared values among populations.
B. Economic development levels and industrialization stages.
C. Geographical proximity and political alliances.
D. Language spoken and common historical backgrounds.
51. Which strategy involves tailoring marketing mixes to the specific needs and preferences of local markets?
A. Market adaptation (or localization).
B. Standardization.
C. Globalization.
D. Harmonization.
52. When a company considers the ‘total global product,’ it is encompassing:
A. The core product plus all associated services, branding, and support across all markets.
B. Only the physical product itself, without any additional services.
C. The product’s performance in the domestic market only.
D. The product’s manufacturing cost and distribution expenses.
53. A ‘skimming’ pricing strategy in international markets typically involves:
A. Setting a high initial price for a new product to capture maximum revenue from early adopters.
B. Setting a low initial price to gain market share rapidly.
C. Pricing products based on competitors’ prices.
D. Offering discounts and promotions consistently.
54. Which criterion is essential for effective market segmentation according to Kotler and others?
A. Substantiality: Segments must be large or profitable enough to be worth pursuing.
B. Uniqueness: Segments must be completely different from all other market segments.
C. Accessibility: Segments must be easily reached through advertising, regardless of cost.
D. Stability: Segments must remain unchanged over a long period.
55. The ‘Glocalization’ concept in international marketing suggests:
A. Balancing global brand consistency with local market responsiveness.
B. A complete shift to standardized global marketing strategies.
C. Focusing exclusively on the unique aspects of each local market, ignoring global trends.
D. Merging all international markets into a single, uniform entity.
56. Which of the following is an example of a ‘Regiocentric’ international marketing strategy?
A. Developing a marketing strategy for the entire ASEAN region, with minor adjustments for individual member countries.
B. Creating a unique marketing plan for every single country in the world.
C. Applying the exact same marketing plan for all countries where the company operates.
D. Focusing marketing efforts only on the company’s home country.
57. A company decides to target a specific segment of young, urban professionals in several Asian countries who share similar interests in technology and fashion. This is an example of:
A. Intermarket segmentation.
B. Geographic segmentation.
C. Demographic segmentation only.
D. Behavioral segmentation only.
58. Which of the following is a common challenge in international pricing?
A. Fluctuating exchange rates and varying tax structures.
B. Uniform pricing across all markets due to consistent consumer demand.
C. Lack of competition in most international markets.
D. The simplicity of setting a single global price.
59. Which of the following is a potential benefit of standardization in international marketing?
A. Economies of scale in production and marketing.
B. Increased relevance to specific local consumer needs.
C. Greater flexibility to respond to local market changes.
D. Reduced need for market research in foreign countries.
60. When evaluating market segments for international targeting, which factor is most critical to consider regarding market attractiveness?
A. The presence of strong local competitors.
B. The size, growth rate, and profit potential of the segment.
C. The complexity of the distribution channels.
D. The cultural differences within the segment.
61. A company observes that consumers in Country A are highly price-sensitive, while consumers in Country B prioritize brand reputation. This illustrates the importance of which concept in international marketing?
A. Market standardization.
B. Product adaptation.
C. Market segmentation and targeting.
D. Global branding.
62. Psychographic segmentation involves dividing buyers based on what?
A. Their geographic location.
B. Their economic status.
C. Their lifestyle, personality, and values.
D. Their purchasing habits.
63. Which of the following is a key challenge in international market segmentation, as discussed in many marketing textbooks?
A. Ensuring the availability of advanced segmentation software.
B. The existence of universal consumer behaviors across all countries.
C. The variability of consumer needs, preferences, and behaviors across different countries and cultures.
D. Overcoming the low cost of international market research.
64. What does the ‘actionable’ criterion for segmentation imply for international marketers?
A. The segment must be large enough to be profitable.
B. The segment must be clearly defined and identifiable.
C. Effective programs can be designed for the segment.
D. The segment’s size and purchasing power can be measured.
65. Which criterion for effective segmentation refers to the ability to reach and serve the identified market segment?
A. Measurable.
B. Accessible.
C. Substantial.
D. Actionable.
66. Which segmentation variable is most likely to be influenced by a country’s political and economic stability?
A. Psychographic variables.
B. Geographic variables.
C. Behavioral variables.
D. Demographic variables.
67. When a company decides to target a specific segment within a country, what approach is it employing?
A. Undifferentiated marketing.
B. Concentrated marketing.
C. Differentiated marketing.
D. Mass marketing.
68. When a company designs a single marketing mix and applies it to all international markets, it is practicing:
A. Market differentiation.
B. Market localization.
C. Market standardization.
D. Market niche.
69. Which segmentation base is commonly used to group countries based on shared cultural traits, values, and beliefs?
A. Behavioral.
B. Geographic.
C. Demographic.
D. Psychographic (cultural).
70. A global firm decides to use different marketing strategies in different countries to cater to local preferences. This is an example of:
A. Market consolidation.
B. Market adaptation.
C. Market homogenization.
D. Market segmentation.
71. The process of dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers who have different needs, characteristics, or behaviors and who might require separate products or marketing mixes is called:
A. Market targeting.
B. Market positioning.
C. Market differentiation.
D. Market segmentation.
72. When a company uses a ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach to marketing across borders, it is betting on:
A. Market localization.
B. Global market convergence.
C. Local market divergence.
D. Cultural relativism.
73. A company targets multiple segments in a country with different marketing mixes for each. This is an example of:
A. Undifferentiated marketing.
B. Concentrated marketing.
C. Differentiated marketing.
D. Mass marketing.
74. Which of the following is a behavioral segmentation variable often used in international marketing?
A. Language spoken.
B. Climate.
C. Usage rate and loyalty status.
D. Urbanization rate.
75. What is a potential benefit of using market segmentation in international marketing?
A. Increased production costs.
B. Reduced marketing effectiveness.
C. Better understanding and fulfillment of diverse customer needs.
D. Simplification of the marketing mix.
76. When analyzing international markets, a firm might segment based on the ‘stage of economic development.’ Which of the following is a characteristic of developing economies often considered in segmentation?
A. High per capita income and widespread disposable income.
B. Sophisticated infrastructure and high levels of education.
C. Low per capita income, limited purchasing power, and less developed infrastructure.
D. Strong regulatory frameworks and transparent business environments.
77. Which factor is LEAST likely to be a basis for segmenting international markets?
A. Cultural values.
B. Technological infrastructure.
C. Company’s internal accounting policies.
D. Income levels.
78. A global company uses the same advertising message and product features in all its international markets. This strategy is known as:
A. Glocalization.
B. Market segmentation.
C. Global standardization.
D. Local adaptation.
79. Which of these is a major factor to consider when evaluating market segments for international targeting?
A. The similarity of segments across countries.
B. The profitability and growth potential of the segment.
C. The ease of replicating the domestic marketing strategy.
D. The absence of competition in the segment.
80. When a company identifies a segment that is large enough or profitable enough to be worth pursuing, this relates to which segmentation criterion?
A. Differentiable.
B. Substantial.
C. Actionable.
D. Measurable.
81. When a company tailors its products and marketing to fit the specific needs of each local market, it is employing a:
A. Global standardization strategy
B. Multidomestic strategy
C. Transnational strategy
D. Exporting strategy
82. What is the primary goal of global positioning?
A. To create a distinct and desirable image in the minds of target consumers worldwide.
B. To adapt the brand image to match the cultural nuances of each country.
C. To offer the lowest price globally for a product category.
D. To focus on product features that are unique to a single market.
83. Which of the following best describes the primary challenge of market segmentation in international marketing?
A. Identifying common needs and wants across diverse cultural and economic landscapes.
B. Ensuring that segmentation criteria are easily measurable by all national marketing teams.
C. Developing unique product offerings for each individual country.
D. Overcoming language barriers in customer surveys.
84. When a company aims to create a universally recognized brand identity and product design, which approach is it most likely adopting?
A. Global standardization
B. Local differentiation
C. Niche marketing
D. Concentrated marketing
85. A company is considering entering a new market. What is the primary role of market research in this decision?
A. To identify viable market segments and understand their needs and behaviors.
B. To directly design the global marketing campaign.
C. To predict the exact sales volume without any market adaptation.
D. To determine the pricing strategy solely based on competitor analysis.
86. What is the most significant advantage of using a global market segmentation strategy?
A. It allows for more efficient allocation of marketing resources by focusing on similar consumer groups worldwide.
B. It guarantees higher market share in every target country.
C. It eliminates the need for any local adaptation of marketing strategies.
D. It simplifies product development by creating a single global product.
87. A company uses the same advertising campaign with minor linguistic translations for a product launch in multiple countries. This strategy is closest to:
A. Global standardization of communication.
B. Multidomestic marketing approach.
C. Local adaptation of advertising.
D. Transnational communication strategy.
88. A company targets a global segment of ‘eco-conscious consumers’. To be successful, what must the company ensure regarding its marketing mix?
A. The marketing mix must clearly communicate the environmental benefits and sustainability of the product.
B. The marketing mix should be identical in all countries where the segment is present.
C. The marketing mix must focus solely on price competitiveness.
D. The marketing mix should emphasize luxury and exclusivity.
89. Which of the following is an example of ‘country-of-origin’ effect on consumer perception?
A. Consumers associating Swiss watches with precision and quality.
B. Consumers preferring products sold through online channels.
C. Consumers reacting positively to a brand’s celebrity endorsement.
D. Consumers seeking products with innovative features.
90. A key benefit of a transnational strategy in international marketing is:
A. Balancing global efficiency with local responsiveness.
B. Achieving cost leadership through mass production.
C. Focusing exclusively on the needs of the domestic market.
D. Prioritizing standardization over adaptation.
91. What does ‘measurability’ as a segmentation criterion imply for international marketers?
A. The ability to determine the size, purchasing power, and characteristics of the identified segments.
B. The ease with which marketing messages can be delivered to the segment.
C. The potential for the segment to grow in the future.
D. The degree to which the segment is unique from other segments.
92. When a company adapts its product features to comply with different countries’ regulations or standards, it is practicing:
A. Product adaptation for regulatory compliance.
B. Global product standardization.
C. Product differentiation based on brand image.
D. Product simplification for cost reduction.
93. A company observes that consumers in different countries have varying perceptions of what constitutes ‘value’. This highlights the importance of:
A. Adapting value propositions to local perceptions of benefits and costs.
B. Educating consumers about a universal definition of value.
C. Focusing solely on product features irrespective of perceived value.
D. Ignoring local value perceptions and sticking to a global standard.
94. What is the primary challenge when a company attempts to position a product as ‘affordable luxury’ in diverse international markets?
A. The perception of ‘luxury’ and ‘affordability’ can vary significantly across cultures and economic conditions.
B. It is easy to find a single price point that appeals to all markets.
C. Consumers globally have the same definition of luxury.
D. Marketing communication for affordable luxury is always straightforward.
95. Which positioning strategy would be most effective for a luxury brand targeting high-net-worth individuals globally?
A. Positioning based on superior quality, craftsmanship, and exclusivity.
B. Positioning based on the lowest price point in the market.
C. Positioning based on broad accessibility and convenience.
D. Positioning based on functional utility and basic needs fulfillment.
96. Which of the following best defines ‘global consumer culture positioning’?
A. Positioning a brand as embodying the values and aspirations of a global consumer culture, regardless of national origin.
B. Positioning a brand based on its origin in a specific, highly influential country.
C. Positioning a brand by highlighting its unique local traditions and heritage.
D. Positioning a brand by emphasizing its affordability and mass appeal.
97. When segmenting international markets, the ‘responsiveness’ criterion refers to:
A. The extent to which a segment is likely to respond positively to a firm’s marketing mix.
B. The ability of the firm to reach the segment with marketing efforts.
C. The size and purchasing power of the segment.
D. The degree of similarity within the segment.
98. A company decides to segment its global market based on consumer lifestyles and values. This approach is known as:
A. Geographic segmentation
B. Demographic segmentation
C. Psychographic segmentation
D. Behavioral segmentation
99. A global firm identifies that consumers in developing countries often prioritize durability and affordability in their purchases, while consumers in developed countries focus more on brand image and innovation. This is an example of segmentation based on:
A. Behavioral segmentation
B. Demographic segmentation
C. Geographic segmentation
D. Benefit segmentation
100. Which of the following is NOT a typical criterion for effective market segmentation?
A. Substantiality
B. Accessibility
C. Competitiveness
D. Actionability
