1. A company decides to use the same product design and features in all its international markets. This reflects a strategy of:
A. Customization
B. Adaptation
C. Standardization
D. Segmentation
2. Which of these is an example of adapting pricing for international markets due to currency fluctuations?
A. Setting a fixed price in US dollars for all markets.
B. Using a ‘cost-plus’ pricing method based on local production costs.
C. Adjusting the local currency price based on the prevailing exchange rate and inflation.
D. Offering a flat discount to all international customers.
3. Which of the following best describes the ‘globalization’ approach to international marketing?
A. Tailoring each element of the marketing mix to individual country markets.
B. Treating the world as a single market and offering a uniform marketing mix globally.
C. Focusing on a few key markets and adapting the marketing mix significantly for each.
D. Developing separate marketing strategies for each region of the world.
4. A company pricing its products in international markets needs to consider all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Local purchasing power
B. Competitor pricing strategies
C. International shipping costs
D. The company’s domestic market share
5. Which of the following is a key benefit of product standardization in international marketing?
A. Increased responsiveness to local market demands.
B. Lower production and marketing costs.
C. Greater flexibility in product features.
D. Enhanced competitive advantage in niche markets.
6. A company is launching a new software product in multiple countries. What is a key consideration for adapting the product’s user interface (UI) and user experience (UX)?
A. Ensuring consistent branding across all markets.
B. Matching the UI/UX to local language conventions and cultural expectations.
C. Minimizing development costs by using a single UI/UX template.
D. Focusing solely on technical functionality.
7. When a company standardizes its promotional campaigns globally, it relies heavily on:
A. Local advertising agencies for creative input.
B. A universal theme and message that resonates across cultures.
C. Country-specific media buying and execution.
D. Tailoring each ad to specific local dialects.
8. The decision to use a company’s own sales force versus local agents in a foreign market relates to which element of the marketing mix?
A. Product
B. Price
C. Place (Distribution)
D. Promotion
9. The ‘dual adaptation’ concept in international marketing suggests that firms must adapt:
A. Only the product to local tastes.
B. Only the promotion to local culture.
C. Both the product and the promotion to local conditions.
D. The product and the distribution channels to local infrastructure.
10. Which of the following is a potential challenge when a firm attempts to standardize its distribution channels globally?
A. Greater control over channel members
B. Reduced logistical complexity
C. Varying levels of infrastructure and retail development
D. Easier market entry
11. A firm that uses the same distribution channels and intermediaries in all its international markets is pursuing a strategy of:
A. Localized distribution
B. Standardized distribution
C. Exclusive distribution
D. Intensive distribution
12. Which factor is most critical for a firm to consider when adapting its product for international markets due to differing environmental conditions?
A. Competitor’s product features
B. Local climate and geography
C. Global marketing trends
D. The company’s brand heritage
13. When a company adapts its marketing mix to local conditions, it is primarily engaging in which of the following strategies?
A. Standardization
B. Localization
C. Globalization
D. Adaptation
14. Which pricing strategy is often used for new, innovative products in international markets to recover R&D costs quickly?
A. Penetration pricing
B. Price skimming
C. Cost-plus pricing
D. Psychological pricing
15. When a company uses agents or distributors who are independent entities in foreign markets, it is typically using:
A. Direct exporting
B. Indirect exporting
C. Foreign direct investment
D. Licensing
16. Which factor is LEAST likely to necessitate product adaptation in international markets?
A. Local consumer tastes and preferences
B. Legal and regulatory requirements
C. Availability of raw materials
D. Global brand image consistency
17. Which of the following is a common reason for a company to adopt a more localized marketing strategy in international markets?
A. To reduce marketing costs significantly.
B. To leverage global economies of scale.
C. To better meet the diverse needs of local consumers.
D. To simplify supply chain management.
18. When a firm modifies its advertising messages and media to suit the cultural nuances of different countries, it is engaged in:
A. Global advertising
B. Standardized promotion
C. Localized promotion
D. Integrated marketing communication
19. The decision to standardize or adapt the marketing mix is fundamentally a trade-off between:
A. Cost savings and market share
B. Brand consistency and local relevance
C. Product quality and price
D. Innovation and tradition
20. When a company sets a uniform price for its product across all international markets, regardless of local conditions, this is known as:
A. Price skimming
B. Penetration pricing
C. Geographic pricing
D. Uniform pricing
21. Which of the following best describes the primary goal of market entry strategy for a firm in international marketing?
A. To maximize the number of distribution channels used in the target market.
B. To establish a sustainable competitive advantage and achieve organizational objectives in the foreign market.
C. To simply gain access to a foreign market regardless of profitability or long-term viability.
D. To primarily focus on reducing production costs through economies of scale.
22. A firm that chooses a ‘turnkey project’ entry mode is typically involved in:
A. Selling finished goods to a foreign market.
B. Managing ongoing operations in a foreign country.
C. Building a complete facility for a foreign client, which then operates it.
D. Developing and marketing a product under a foreign brand name.
23. What is a common strategy for firms looking to enter markets with high political or economic risks?
A. Establishing wholly owned subsidiaries.
B. Direct investment through greenfield projects.
C. Utilizing licensing or exporting with minimal commitment.
D. Creating large-scale joint ventures.
24. Which of the following is a significant advantage of exporting compared to other entry modes?
A. Highest level of market control.
B. Lowest investment and risk.
C. Full integration with local production.
D. Direct access to local distribution networks.
25. Which market entry strategy is characterized by the parent company maintaining significant control over operations but also sharing risks and expertise with a local partner?
A. Exporting.
B. Licensing.
C. Joint Venture.
D. Franchising.
26. When a company grants a franchise to a local business, the franchisor typically provides:
A. Only financial capital for the new venture.
B. Exclusive rights to manufacture the franchisor’s products.
C. A proven business model, brand name, and operating system for a fee.
D. All raw materials and finished goods.
27. Which entry mode offers the greatest potential for adapting the product to local market conditions?
A. Indirect exporting.
B. Licensing.
C. Franchising.
D. Wholly Owned Subsidiary.
28. What is the key characteristic of a licensing agreement in international marketing?
A. The licensor provides capital and managerial assistance to the licensee.
B. The licensee gains the right to use intellectual property (e.g., patents, trademarks) for a fee.
C. Both parties share profits and losses equally.
D. The licensee is solely responsible for product development.
29. A joint venture involves:
A. One firm acquiring another firm in a foreign market.
B. A company granting another firm the right to use its brand name.
C. Two or more firms pooling resources to create a new, independent entity.
D. A firm selling its products through independent distributors in a foreign country.
30. When assessing market attractiveness for entry, which factor is LEAST likely to be considered a primary determinant of the entry mode choice?
A. Level of competition in the target market.
B. Company’s financial resources and risk tolerance.
C. The specific cultural nuances of the target audience.
D. The company’s overall strategic goals and objectives.
31. What is a major disadvantage of a wholly owned subsidiary compared to a joint venture?
A. Lower level of control.
B. Higher risk and capital requirement.
C. Limited access to local market knowledge.
D. Greater reliance on external financing.
32. The decision to use a local agent versus a distributor in exporting primarily depends on:
A. The company’s preference for brand ownership.
B. The agent’s ability to take title to goods and the distributor’s role in marketing.
C. The cost of shipping the products.
D. The availability of local advertising agencies.
33. What does the term ‘greenfield investment’ refer to in international market entry?
A. Acquiring an existing company in a foreign market.
B. Setting up a new operation from scratch in a foreign country.
C. Establishing a strategic alliance with a local firm.
D. Exporting products through foreign intermediaries.
34. When a company acquires an existing firm in a foreign country, this is known as:
A. Greenfield investment.
B. Acquisition.
C. Exporting.
D. Licensing.
35. Which of the following is a key consideration when choosing a market entry mode based on the level of marketing support required?
A. The company’s existing production capacity.
B. The need for direct customer interaction and brand building.
C. The availability of foreign exchange.
D. The political stability of the target country.
36. When a company establishes a foreign sales branch, it is generally considered a form of:
A. Indirect exporting.
B. Licensing.
C. Direct exporting.
D. Franchising.
37. Which mode of entry offers the highest level of control for a company?
A. Exporting.
B. Licensing.
C. Joint Venture.
D. Wholly Owned Subsidiary.
38. What is the primary risk associated with licensing agreements for the licensor?
A. High capital investment in the foreign market.
B. Loss of control over brand image and quality.
C. Difficulty in repatriating profits.
D. High operational costs in the foreign market.
39. In international marketing, ‘contract manufacturing’ refers to:
A. A company manufacturing its own products in a foreign country.
B. A firm hiring a local manufacturer to produce its products.
C. A joint venture focused on production facilities.
D. A licensing agreement for manufacturing technology.
40. When a company decides to export its products, what is the most common initial approach to market entry?
A. Establishing wholly owned subsidiaries.
B. Entering into a joint venture agreement.
C. Indirect exporting through intermediaries.
D. Setting up a foreign manufacturing plant.
41. The concept of ‘globalization’ in marketing refers to:
A. Focusing marketing efforts solely on domestic markets.
B. Tailoring all marketing strategies to unique local market conditions.
C. The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of world economies and cultures, leading to a more unified global marketplace.
D. Protecting domestic industries from foreign competition.
42. Which of Hofstede’s dimensions describes a society where individuals are expected to look after themselves and their immediate families, rather than a larger group?
A. Collectivism.
B. Individualism.
C. Masculinity.
D. Uncertainty Avoidance.
43. When analyzing the international marketing environment, which of the following is a key component of the ‘sociocultural’ dimension?
A. Technological infrastructure and innovation rates.
B. Religious beliefs, customs, and values.
C. Government regulations and trade policies.
D. Economic growth rates and inflation.
44. The ‘legal’ aspect of the political-legal environment in international marketing primarily focuses on:
A. Consumer preferences and buying habits.
B. The legal framework governing business operations, consumer protection, and advertising.
C. Technological advancements and their impact on production.
D. Social customs and religious beliefs.
45. Which of the following is a potential advantage of licensing as an international market entry strategy?
A. Full control over marketing and production in the host country.
B. Minimal capital investment and risk.
C. Direct access to local market expertise and distribution networks.
D. Complete protection of proprietary technology.
46. Which of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions refers to the extent to which members of a society accept and expect power to be distributed unequally?
A. Individualism vs. Collectivism.
B. Uncertainty Avoidance.
C. Power Distance.
D. Masculinity vs. Femininity.
47. A ‘joint venture’ in international marketing involves:
A. A company solely owning and operating a subsidiary in a foreign country.
B. An agreement between two or more companies to pool their resources for a specific business purpose.
C. Granting rights to a foreign company to use intellectual property.
D. Selling products directly to consumers in a foreign market.
48. Which of the following is a common challenge faced by marketers when entering markets with a ‘low-income’ economy?
A. High disposable income and demand for luxury goods.
B. Limited purchasing power and a focus on essential goods.
C. Highly developed distribution channels and sophisticated advertising.
D. Strict government regulations on product quality.
49. When a company uses the same marketing mix (product, price, place, promotion) across different countries, it is practicing:
A. Localization.
B. Standardization.
C. Segmentation.
D. Differentiation.
50. What is a key advantage of a ‘wholly owned subsidiary’ as an international market entry strategy?
A. Low initial investment and risk.
B. Shared decision-making with a local partner.
C. Full control over operations, profits, and strategic direction.
D. Easier adaptation to local market nuances.
51. Which of the following best describes the concept of ‘cultural distance’ in international marketing?
A. The physical geographical separation between two countries.
B. The degree of similarity or difference in cultural norms, values, and behaviors between two countries.
C. The economic disparity and income levels between nations.
D. The level of political stability and legal frameworks in a foreign market.
52. A company considering entering a new foreign market must analyze ‘political-legal’ factors. Which of the following is an example of a political-legal factor?
A. Consumer attitudes towards foreign brands.
B. The availability of skilled labor and education levels.
C. Government policies on foreign direct investment and import tariffs.
D. The prevalence of social media and internet penetration.
53. When a marketing campaign uses symbols, colors, or imagery that have negative connotations in a specific foreign culture, this is an example of:
A. Effective cross-cultural communication.
B. Cultural insensitivity or a ‘marketing blunder’.
C. Successful product adaptation.
D. Standardized global branding.
54. When a firm decides to export its products to a foreign market, it is typically utilizing which entry mode?
A. Foreign direct investment.
B. Licensing or franchising.
C. Exporting.
D. Joint venture.
55. When a company adapts its product features, packaging, and advertising to suit local cultural preferences and regulations, it is engaging in:
A. Ethnocentrism.
B. Marketing myopia.
C. Localization.
D. Global integration.
56. The ‘economic’ dimension of the international marketing environment includes factors such as:
A. Language barriers and communication styles.
B. Income levels, inflation rates, and exchange rates.
C. Religious practices and social stratification.
D. Technological adoption and infrastructure development.
57. The phenomenon where a product or brand becomes associated with certain cultural symbols or practices in a foreign market is known as:
A. Product standardization.
B. Cultural branding.
C. Reverse innovation.
D. Globalization paradox.
58. When a company engages in ‘foreign direct investment’ (FDI), it typically involves:
A. Selling goods through intermediaries in a foreign country.
B. Acquiring or establishing business operations in a foreign country.
C. Granting permission to a foreign entity to use its brand name.
D. Forming a temporary alliance with a local company.
59. The ‘technological’ dimension of the international marketing environment primarily concerns:
A. Cultural norms and values.
B. Government regulations and legal systems.
C. Innovation, R&D, and the adoption of new technologies.
D. Economic growth and purchasing power.
60. High-context cultures, as defined by anthropologist Edward T. Hall, tend to rely more on which of the following for communication?
A. Explicit verbal messages and directness.
B. Non-verbal cues, shared understanding, and implicit messages.
C. Written contracts and legal documentation.
D. Technical specifications and data sheets.
61. A global brand aiming for a consistent brand image worldwide would most likely favor which product strategy?
A. Radical product invention for each market.
B. Complete product standardization.
C. Extensive product customization.
D. Market-specific product modifications.
62. Which factor is most crucial for an MNC to consider when deciding on product adaptation for a new market?
A. The product’s historical sales performance in the domestic market.
B. The cost of production for the original product.
C. Local consumer needs, preferences, and regulatory requirements.
D. The marketing budget allocated for the foreign market.
63. When a company modifies its product to meet differing technical standards or regulations in various countries, it is practicing:
A. Product differentiation.
B. Product localization.
C. Product standardization.
D. Product rationalization.
64. A company that develops a new product specifically for a foreign market, based on unique local insights, is engaging in:
A. Product extension.
B. Product adaptation.
C. Product invention (or reverse innovation).
D. Product standardization.
65. The ‘country-of-origin’ effect in international marketing refers to:
A. The impact of a product’s country of manufacture on consumer perceptions and purchase decisions.
B. The regulatory compliance required for products entering a specific country.
C. The cost savings achieved by sourcing raw materials from a particular country.
D. The dominance of a single country in producing a specific product category.
66. What is the purpose of a ‘product platform’ in international product development?
A. To eliminate the need for product adaptation.
B. To create a core product that can be easily modified for different markets.
C. To standardize all marketing communications.
D. To reduce the number of product variations offered.
67. What is the primary advantage of product standardization in international marketing?
A. Greater responsiveness to local consumer preferences.
B. Reduced production and marketing costs.
C. Increased potential for product innovation.
D. Enhanced ability to comply with diverse regulations.
68. Which of the following is NOT typically considered a factor influencing a firm’s decision between product standardization and adaptation?
A. Market homogeneity.
B. Cultural differences.
C. Government regulations.
D. The firm’s internal accounting policies.
69. When a product is modified to appeal to different income levels in various markets, this is an example of:
A. Product elimination.
B. Product adaptation based on economic factors.
C. Product standardization.
D. Product invention.
70. A company launches a new smartphone model globally, with only minor software adjustments for language and network compatibility. This is an example of:
A. Product elimination.
B. Product invention.
C. Product standardization with minimal adaptation.
D. Product diversification.
71. The ‘globalization versus localization’ debate in product strategy suggests that the optimal approach often lies in:
A. Strict adherence to global standardization.
B. Complete customization for every local market.
C. A balance between global efficiency and local responsiveness.
D. Focusing solely on products with universal appeal.
72. When an MNC decides to offer a product with minor modifications in several countries, what product strategy is it employing?
A. Complete standardization.
B. Product adaptation.
C. Product elimination.
D. Product diversification.
73. Which of the following is a key characteristic of a multinational corporation’s (MNC) approach to international product strategy, emphasizing adaptation to local markets?
A. Standardization of products across all markets to leverage economies of scale.
B. Localization, involving significant modifications to products to meet specific country needs and preferences.
C. Concentration on a single, universally appealing product with minimal variations.
D. Product elimination in markets where local demand is perceived as low.
74. The concept of ‘global product’ versus ‘local product’ most directly relates to the strategic decision of:
A. Pricing strategy.
B. Distribution channels.
C. Product adaptation vs. standardization.
D. Promotional campaigns.
75. When a company introduces a product with a different brand name in a foreign market than its domestic market, it is an example of:
A. Product extension.
B. Product standardization.
C. Brand localization (or brand adaptation).
D. Product invention.
76. The decision to extend a successful product from the domestic market to a foreign market with minimal or no changes is known as:
A. Product modification.
B. Product extension (or straight extension).
C. Product development.
D. Product localization.
77. Which of the following is a potential disadvantage of product adaptation?
A. Lower production costs due to economies of scale.
B. Increased complexity in product management and supply chain.
C. Greater brand consistency across markets.
D. Reduced need for market research.
78. Which of the following is an example of adapting a product’s packaging for international markets?
A. Using the same packaging design and language globally.
B. Translating product labels and instructions into local languages and ensuring compliance with local packaging laws.
C. Reducing the amount of packaging material to cut costs.
D. Using premium materials for all international packaging.
79. A company that maintains the same product features, branding, and marketing mix across all international markets is pursuing which product strategy?
A. Product differentiation.
B. Product segmentation.
C. Product standardization.
D. Product customization.
80. What does the term ‘product life cycle’ (PLC) imply in the context of international marketing?
A. Products remain in their introduction phase indefinitely.
B. Products experience different stages of adoption and sales in different countries.
C. All products follow the same PLC curve regardless of the market.
D. The PLC is only relevant for domestic markets.
81. Which cultural dimension, as identified by Hofstede, might influence how consumers respond to direct versus indirect communication in advertising?
A. Individualism versus Collectivism, as cultures high in individualism may prefer directness, while collectivist cultures might favor indirect communication.
B. Power Distance, which primarily relates to social hierarchy and acceptance of unequal power distribution.
C. Masculinity versus Femininity, which relates to gender roles and societal values like assertiveness versus nurturing.
D. Uncertainty Avoidance, which concerns a society’s tolerance for ambiguity and risk.
82. What is the ‘product-market fit’ concept in international marketing research?
A. The degree to which a product satisfies the needs of a specific market, ensuring it meets customer expectations and provides value.
B. The price point at which a product is sold in a foreign market, regardless of customer demand.
C. The promotional activities used to launch a product in a new international market.
D. The distribution channels selected for a product in a specific foreign country.
83. In international marketing research, what is the primary purpose of conducting focus groups in a foreign market?
A. To gain in-depth qualitative insights into consumer attitudes, perceptions, and motivations related to a product or service.
B. To collect large-scale, statistically representative data for quantitative analysis.
C. To test the effectiveness of advertising campaigns through direct observation of individual behavior.
D. To gather demographic information about the target population without exploring their opinions.
84. In international marketing, what is the primary role of ‘competitive analysis’?
A. To identify and understand the strengths, weaknesses, strategies, and market positions of competing firms in the target market.
B. To solely focus on the company’s own product development without considering competitors.
C. To imitate the marketing strategies of successful competitors without innovation.
D. To disregard competitors and focus exclusively on consumer needs.
85. What is a common pitfall when using ‘online surveys’ for international market research?
A. Ensuring representative sampling due to varying internet penetration rates and digital literacy across countries.
B. The ease of reaching a global audience without any potential biases.
C. Online surveys are always preferred by respondents in every culture.
D. The cost of implementing online surveys is prohibitively high for most international markets.
86. When adapting a marketing research survey for a specific country, what is the importance of ‘back-translation’?
A. To ensure that the translated questionnaire accurately reflects the original meaning by translating it back into the source language by an independent translator.
B. To simplify the language of the questionnaire for easier understanding by local respondents.
C. To add culturally specific idioms and phrases that resonate with the target audience.
D. To reduce the number of questions in the survey to make it shorter.
87. When evaluating the ‘distribution channels’ in a foreign market, what is a key consideration for an international marketer?
A. Understanding the availability, cost, and efficiency of different channels (e.g., direct sales, distributors, agents) and their cultural acceptance.
B. Choosing the channel that is most familiar to the company, regardless of local market conditions.
C. Prioritizing channels that offer the highest initial profit margins, even if they have limited reach.
D. Selecting channels that are exclusively online, ignoring traditional retail presence.
88. In international marketing, what does ‘positioning’ refer to?
A. Creating a distinct image and identity for a product or brand in the minds of target consumers, relative to competitors.
B. The physical location where a product is sold in a foreign market.
C. The process of manufacturing a product to meet international standards.
D. The pricing strategy adopted for a product in a new country.
89. What is a key challenge in conducting marketing research in ’emerging markets’?
A. Lack of reliable data, underdeveloped infrastructure for research, and diverse, rapidly changing consumer behaviors.
B. Over-saturation of existing research and data, making it difficult to find new insights.
C. Consumers being overly receptive to all forms of marketing research without any skepticism.
D. Homogeneous consumer preferences across different regions within the emerging market.
90. What is a significant advantage of using ‘observation’ as a research method in international marketing?
A. It can reveal actual consumer behavior in a natural setting, bypassing potential biases in self-reported data.
B. It is always more cost-effective than surveys or interviews in all international contexts.
C. It provides direct access to consumers’ underlying motivations and decision-making processes.
D. It is easily standardized and implemented across vastly different cultural environments without adaptation.
91. What does the term ‘sampling error’ refer to in the context of international market research?
A. The discrepancy between the results obtained from a sample and the results that would have been obtained from the entire population.
B. Errors made during the translation and administration of questionnaires.
C. Mistakes in data entry and analysis after the research has been conducted.
D. The failure to identify a representative sample of the target market.
92. When analyzing the ‘political and legal environment’ for international marketing, what is a critical aspect to investigate?
A. Trade regulations, tariffs, import/export restrictions, and advertising laws that can affect market entry and operations.
B. The popularity of social media influencers within the target country.
C. The dominant color preferences of consumers for product packaging.
D. The historical evolution of musical genres in the target market.
93. What is the primary benefit of conducting a ‘SWOT analysis’ for international market entry?
A. To identify a company’s internal Strengths and Weaknesses, and external Opportunities and Threats in the target foreign market, informing strategic decisions.
B. To exclusively analyze the company’s internal capabilities without considering the external environment.
C. To focus only on the competitive landscape and ignore internal factors.
D. To predict the exact future success of a product in a new market with certainty.
94. What is a key challenge when developing the ‘marketing mix’ (4 Ps) for international markets?
A. Adapting the product, price, place (distribution), and promotion to suit the unique cultural, economic, and legal characteristics of each target market.
B. Applying a completely standardized marketing mix across all countries to ensure brand consistency.
C. Ignoring local market conditions and relying solely on the domestic marketing mix.
D. Focusing only on product features and neglecting pricing and promotion.
95. What does the ‘economic environment’ analysis in international marketing research typically include?
A. Assessment of GDP, inflation rates, exchange rates, disposable income, and the overall economic stability of the target country.
B. Analysis of the target country’s dominant religious beliefs and practices.
C. Evaluation of the country’s artistic and architectural heritage.
D. Understanding the popular sports and recreational activities of the population.
96. Which of the following is a primary goal of market research in international marketing?
A. To identify and understand the needs and preferences of consumers in foreign markets.
B. To exclusively focus on domestic market trends and opportunities.
C. To develop products solely based on the company’s internal capabilities without external validation.
D. To ignore cultural differences and apply standardized marketing strategies globally.
97. What is a primary objective of ‘market segmentation’ in international marketing?
A. To divide the diverse international market into smaller, more manageable groups of consumers with similar needs and characteristics for targeted marketing efforts.
B. To create a single, undifferentiated marketing strategy for all global consumers.
C. To focus marketing efforts only on the largest and most profitable customer segment, ignoring others.
D. To standardize products and services without any consideration for regional differences.
98. What is a key challenge when translating marketing research questionnaires for cross-cultural use?
A. Maintaining the original meaning and intent while ensuring cultural appropriateness and avoiding linguistic nuances that could cause misinterpretation.
B. Using literal word-for-word translations, as this guarantees accuracy across all languages.
C. Simplifying questions to the point where they lose their specific marketing research focus.
D. Translating only the questions and not the response options, to save time and resources.
99. Which of the following is an example of ‘ethnocentrism’ that can negatively impact international market research?
A. Assuming that marketing research methods and consumer preferences from one’s home country are universally applicable and superior.
B. Actively seeking out and integrating diverse cultural perspectives into the research design.
C. Conducting thorough cross-cultural training for research teams.
D. Utilizing local research agencies with deep understanding of the target market.
100. When conducting secondary research for international markets, what is a crucial consideration regarding data sources?
A. Ensuring the data is recent, relevant, and from a reputable source, as older or biased data can lead to flawed decisions.
B. Prioritizing data that is readily available, regardless of its accuracy or applicability to the target market.
C. Assuming that data from one country can be directly transferred and applied to another without any adjustments.
D. Focusing solely on qualitative data and disregarding quantitative findings from official reports.